Violence and Conflict in Romeo and Juliet by William...

Violence and Conflict in Romeo and Juliet by William Shakespeare Romeo and Juliet is a tragic play written by William Shakespeare. This play is about star crossed lovers who are from two different warring families, the Capulets and the Montagues. Romeo, the leading male of the play is of the Montague family and his destined lover Juliet is of the Capulets. In this essay I am discussing the violence and conflict in four of the scenes, Act 1 scene1, act 3 scene 1, act 3 scene 5 and act 5 scenes 3. Romeo and Juliet is probably the most famous play written by Shakespeare. Even though it was written around five hundred years ago it is†¦show more content†¦I hate the word as I hate hell, all Montagues, and thee. This allows us to see the role that both these characters play in the violent scenes of the production, Benvolio the peacekeeping Montague and Tybalt the hot headed Capulet. This scene also introduces the Prince, ruler off Verona, as the law enforcing character not often seen in Shakespeares plays. The Prince is the person who stops the brawl through your mistempered weapons to the ground. Benvolio and Tybalt disarm themselves that shows that the families have respect for the law. Near the end of the scene the prince says, if you ever disturb our streets again, your lives will shall pay the forfeit of the peace. This line is important for a later scene when there is another violent scene involving Romeo. In Act 3, scene 1 Mercutio is killed. This scene begins with Benvolio and Mercutio arguing. Benvolio is playing the peacekeeper again I pray good Mercutio, lets retire. The day is hot, the Capels are abroad, and if we meet, we shall not scape a brawl. Mercutio replies to this by vexing Benvolio up with a barrage of made up situations, for example: thou wilt quarrel with a man that hath a hair more, or a hair less, in his beard than thou, thou wilt quarrel with a man for cracking nuts, having no other reason but because thou hast hazel eyes. After Tybalt, Petruchio adShow MoreRelatedWilliam Shakespeares Use of Dramatic Devices in Act 3 Scene 1 of Romeo and Juliet695 Words   |  3 PagesWilliam Shakespeares Use of Dramatic Devices in Act 3 Scene 1 of Romeo and Juliet Romeo and Juliet were written around 1595, by William Shakespeare. Romeo and Juliet is a tragic play. The play is basically a love and violence play but it’s hard to bring them both together because they both have a tragic outcome. The play is all about two families (Montagues and Capulets) that have a feud but their children fell in love with each other (Romeo and Juliet). Juliet’sRead More Themes of Violence and Conflict are Central to Romeo and Juliet by Shakespeare1519 Words   |  7 PagesRomeo and Juliet is a play written by William Shakespeare who was born in 1564 and died in 1616, during his time he wrote many plays which were prolific including Macbeth, Othello and The Tempest. Theatre in Elizabethan times was marvellous entertainment. Plays would be performed almost anywhere, the theatres were new and extremely popular places for people to meet up socialise. All sorts of people went to watch plays, from the poorest people to the richest. The poor people would stand at theRead MoreViolence and Conflict in William Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet1298 Words   |  6 PagesViolence and Conflict in William Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet It is the violence and conflict that make this play exciting and thrilling. You would think that Romeo and Juliets main theme would be that of love. However, violence and conflict also became one of the main themes in this play. There were all kinds of examples of different types of disorder and conflict, brawls and fights between the two houses, the Montagues and Capulets, the violence of angry passionRead MoreViolence and Conflict in William Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet1647 Words   |  7 PagesViolence and Conflict in William Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet â€Å"Romeo and Juliet† is a large tragic play, which is about two feuding families the Montagues and the Capulets of Verona. Although it is a play about love, there are many scenes that contain violence and conflict. The play opens with a conflict between the Capulet and Montague households who become involved in arguments in a public place in Verona, they lose their tempers and swords are drawn. The play ends Read MoreThe Tragedy of Romeo and Juliet: Who Is to Blame for Their Deaths?1460 Words   |  6 PagesWilliam Shakespeare, a world-renowned playwright, poet, and actor, has been known for centuries all around the world for his great variety of brilliant, poetic, and creative plays written during the Elizabethan Era. Shakespeare’s plays have the reputation of being among the greatest in the English language and Western literature, traditionally divided into the genres of tragedy, history, and comedy, and comprising of various imaginative settings, plots, characters, and conflicts. They have been translatedRead MoreViolence and Conflict in William Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet856 Words   |  4 PagesViolence and Conflict in William Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet Romeo and Juliet, a story set in Verona Italy, tells the story of â€Å"two star crossed lovers† from two feuding families, the Capulets and Montagues. There is much violence and conflict in the play and this in the main, stems from the feud. The plays themes are punishment, revenge, supernatural fate, lies, deceit, and conflict. After a while, Romeo and Juliet secretly marry behind their parents backs, perhaps Read MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Romeo And Juliet1378 Words   |  6 PagesWritten in the late 14th century, William Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet has copious imagery, displaying the relationship between cruelty and affection in the play. Multiple times, Romeo and Juliet’s seemingly incorruptible love for each other is conflicted by violent acts occurring around them. In their dialogue, saturated with light and dark imagery, brutality is shown dominating Romeo and Juliet’s relationship. The sensory images provide a very sharp contrast in the play. Shakespeare’s use ofRead MoreEssay on Fate in William Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet1096 Words   |  5 PagesFate in William Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet When William Shakespeare wrote ‘Romeo Juliet’ he told a tale of â€Å"A pair of star crossed lovers†. The role of fate plays an important role in the play. The themes of conflict, love, revenge, religion destiny all tie in with the role of fate. Romeo Juliet were both born into and â€Å"ancient grudge† fuelled by two formidable families, the Capulets and Montagues. Fate plays a very important role in the play, and at theRead MoreRomeo And Juliet by William Shakespeare967 Words   |  4 PagesRomeo And Juliet by William Shakespeare In Romeo and Juliet the beauty and ardour of young love is seen by Shakespeare as the irradiating glory of sunlight and starlight in a dark work. Discuss the techniques that Shakespeare would have used to capture this dominating image of light. In the time of Shakespeare, his plays would have been performed during the day, using natural light from the open centre of the theatre. Since there could be no dramatic lighting andRead MoreRomeo and Juliet Analytical Essay968 Words   |  4 PagesA Taste of Shakespeare - Romeo and Juliet William Shakespeare is widely known for all of his literary works; one of his most famous love tragedies being Romeo and Juliet. A Shakespearean definition of tragedy exemplifies the sense that human beings are inevitably doomed through their own failures or errors, the ironic action of their virtues, or even through the nature of fate and destiny (Sayour, Susan, 2007). Romeo and Juliet is a tragic tale based on two young star-crossed lovers whose deaths

Models of God, Humanity, and Nature My Experiences,...

Models of God, Humanity, and Nature My Experiences, Thoughts, and Critical Analyses I ask a lot of questions; I’m a curious person. I once asked my mom why people die, why there are bad things in the world if God is so good and all-powerful. Her response was that we just couldn’t really understand why God does anything because we can’t comprehend God’s â€Å"master plan.† I’m sure that she was right, but that response is not very satisfying to a curious little boy. I saw an inconsistency in my understanding of reality, and I wanted to get things straight. I guess this little anecdote begins to illustrate a couple of my basic life principles. A concise explanation of how I look at the world is just this: We humans, as†¦show more content†¦Once one has that understanding (or â€Å"model†), one then does one’s best to live in a way consistent with that model and perhaps in the process, persuade others of your world view. Before going back to my own story though, I just wanted to clarify the difference between inconsistency and simplification. I feel that it is possible to simplify a complex idea without it being necessarily inconsistent. I could simplify the weather in two ways. I could say that direct sunlight makes it warmer outside. I could also say that sunny days are warmer than cloudy days. Both models of the weather are simplifications of a very complex system. However, my first one is consistent with my experience since sunlight usually makes me feel warmer than when there is no sunlight. Saying that sunny days are warmer than cloudy days is not always true though. Therefore simplification doesn’t necessitate inconsistency. Now since I’ve set up my view of models and life, I can tell my story, using these ideas as a framework for understanding my life. I think that in telling my story, I can communicate my ideas without being technical, philosophical, or lecturing. Maybe it will be effective, maybe not. I’ll find personal enjoyment just in telling my story though, and maybe some ideas will be persuasive in an experiential context. Every now and then, I’ll try to draw my conclusions in a way that is conciseShow MoreRelatedKhasak14018 Words   |  57 Pagescriticism and analyses the novel for recurring mythical and archetypal patterns. The concluding chapter studies how psychoanalytic theory and mythological studies can account for the universal appeal of the work and also suggests areas for further research. Posted by Preethu at 02:05 No comments: Introduction Literature, with its immense scope and appeal that goes beyond the horizon of zeitgeist, demands a touchstone with equally infinite bound, as it is a cultural product of humanity, and an offshootRead MoreThe Philosophy of Happiness11705 Words   |  47 PagesChapter 1 The Philosophy of Happiness Aristotle on Happiness Since the earliest days of Western thought philosophers have concerned themselves with the nature of happiness. One of the earliest to ask the question ‘what is happiness?’ was Aristotle, who, in a manner typical of philosophers, before providing an answer insisted on making a distinction between two different questions. His first question was what was meant by the word ‘happiness’—or rather, its ancient Greek equivalent eudaimonia. HisRead MoreOcd - Symptoms, Causes, Treatment131367 Words   |  526 Pages1-57230-963-6 ISBN-13: 978-1-57230-963-0 (hardcover: alk. paper) ISBN-10: 1-59385-375-0 ISBN-13: 978-1-59385-375-4 (paperback) 1. Cognitive therapy. 2. Obsessive–compulsive disorder. I. Title. RC489.C63C57 2004 616.85†²2270651—dc22 2003020283 To my parents, Albert and Ardith, for their support and encouragement About the Author About the Author David A. Clark, PhD, is a professor in the Department of Psychology, University of New Brunswick, Canada. He received his PhD from the InstituteRead MoreOrganizational Behaviour Analysis28615 Words   |  115 PagesWorkshop Topics And Themes The Nature and Scope of Organisation Theory Levels of Analysis The Metaphorical Approach Organising Processes Understanding Change Conflict, Negotiation, and the Politics of Change Group and Team Working Cultures and Leaders as Cultural Agents Trust Linking the Themes Introductory Notes on Organisational Analysis Understanding Organisations The Limits of Rationalism Levels of Analysis: The SOGI Model Limitations of the SOGI Model The Individual Level The Group LevelRead MoreEquality and Diversity in Childcare9428 Words   |  38 PagesIntroduction My name is and I am currently doing a FETAC level 6 Early Childhood Care and Education course. One of the modules is Equality and Diversity in Childcare. For this exercise I will explore equality and diversity concepts as relevant to Irish Society. Analyse approaches to diversity education including, assimilation, multicultural, intercultural and anti-bias. Explore equality and diversity terminology; including prejudice, discrimination, racism, sexism and abelism etc. Examine currentRead MoreCorporate Social Responsibility10163 Words   |  41 Pagesmust work in tandem or there is no purpose for any of its existence. Unethical practices are what harbor ill will and create a climate of contempt and distrust, which is no way to run a business, be it personal or otherwise. Â…It is a necessary and critical ingredient in the successful enterprise (Ruin, 1997, p. PG). Beauchamp et al (1996) clearly imply that establishing such ethical fortitude is not a difficult objective if one maint ains a moral and conscientious outlook. Ethical concerns run rampantRead MoreMasculinity in Chuck Palahniuks Work7062 Words   |  29 PagesDavid Fincher’s adaptation helpfully put Palahniuk’s thoughts into the cinematic forefront. This increased the popularity of Palahniuk’s other works and placed him in the cannon of Post-modern American fiction. It is the issues of modern masculinity that grasps critics’ attention more so than any other Palahniuk themes. It is very apparent that masculinity has changed as a natural progression of modernisation. This dissertation will analyse masculinity as it is depicted in Palahniuk’s writingsRead MoreOrganisational Theory230255 Words   |  922 Pages. Organization Theory Challenges and Perspectives John McAuley, Joanne Duberley and Phil Johnson . This book is, to my knowledge, the most comprehensive and reliable guide to organisational theory currently available. What is needed is a text that will give a good idea of the breadth and complexity of this important subject, and this is precisely what McAuley, Duberley and Johnson have provided. They have done some sterling service in bringing together the very diverse strands of workRead MoreEnergy Healing Essay examples10168 Words   |  41 Pagesexplored in sacred literature throughout the world. An excellent summary of ancient and contemporary information on the subject can be found in Michael Murphys landmark book The Future of the Body: Explorations Into the Further Evolution of Human Nature. In the closing years of the Twentieth Century, the intimate connection between body and mind is widely acknowledged. Once the domain of speculation by mystics and philosophers, this realm has in recent decades been visited and revisited by scientistsRead MoreEssay about Postmodernism, Deconstructionism, and the Ethnographic Text5376 Words   |  22 Pagesnarratives and mythologies in which the corporeal â€Å"I† who speaks dissolves itself in a disembodied, depersonalized, institutional speech of power and knowledge (Nichols 1994:7), in the postmodern context, he argues, â€Å"movement and travel become an experience of displacement and dislocation, of social and cultural estrangement, of retrieval, survival, and self-preservation (1994:7). nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The Postmodernist view in ethnography, then, questions the basic assumptions underlying the

The Symbolic Use of Nature in the Romantic Period Free Essays

LITR 211 English Literature 18th Century to the Present Week 6 January 15, 2012 Essay #1 â€Å"The symbolic use of nature in the Romantic Period† Olejniczak, Brian #4029035 The Romantic period has very little to do with its actual name. Rather, the authors of this period used descriptive imagery and extensively referenced nature because the use of nature is symbolic. There are many authors of the Romantic period that illustrate this point. We will write a custom essay sample on The Symbolic Use of Nature in the Romantic Period or any similar topic only for you Order Now Instead of embracing the political lifestyle of the period like other era authors did, the Romantics turned to nature for inspiration. Romantics turned to nature for self fulfillment. They were turning away from the values and ideas of the previous era, embracing new ways of expressing their imagination and feelings. Instead of a concentration on ‘head,’ the intellectual focus of reason, they preferred to rely on the self, in the radical idea of individual freedom. Instead of striving for perfection, the Romantics preferred ‘the glory of the imperfect. ’† (Lombardi 2012. ) The Romantic author’s stressed the importance of the individual and boldness over the ideals of the coming Victorian age’s ideals of loyalty and fraternity. The onset of the Romantic period is said to have begun with the writings of William Wordsworth with such works as â€Å"Lines written in early spring† and â€Å"I wandered lonely as a cloud. † In Wordsworth’s ‘Lines Written In Early Spring’ he states â€Å"To her fair works did Nature link The human soul that through me ran; And much it grieved my heart to think What man has made of man. † (Wordsworth Line 5-8. ) Here you can clearly see Wordsworth’s use of nature and how it affects the human soul. In this poem the speaker is sitting in a very lush meadow that is graphically described with such words like â€Å"sweet† and â€Å"budding twigs. † Wordsworth is very elaborate in his description of the meadow in which he is sitting in. Wordsworth looks at Nature and through his views sad thoughts come to his mind. Here he expresses his conviction in that knowledge of reality is reached through emotions and intuitions that Nature generates at being observed by man. Being Nature the real representation of reality and godliness as well. Through primrose tufts, in that green bower The periwinkle trailed its wreaths And ‘tis my faith that every flower Enjoys the air it breaths. † (Wordsworth Line 9-12) In lines nine through twelve, he observes nature at its peak, in all its splendor and beauty. He tells about its dynamic development when he describes how the periwinkle trains its branches through the grass. He also displays his implication in this development o f natural events expressing his desire for the flowers to rejoice at their existence. Wordsworth’s poems initiated the Romantic era by emphasizing feeling, instinct, and pleasure above formality and mannerism. Lombardi, Esther (2012). Ask. com: Romantic Period: Where did it all begin? Retrieved on January 12, 2012 from http://classiclit. about. com/od/britishromantics/a/aa_britromantic. htm Wordsworth, William. Editor Bartleby Bookstore. â€Å"Lines Written In Early Spring† Retrieved on January 13, 2012 from http://www. bartleby. com/145/ww130. html How to cite The Symbolic Use of Nature in the Romantic Period, Papers

Analysis of Differences Between Managing Education As Opposed To Manag

Question: What are the key differences between managing education as opposed to managing other forms of organisations? In responding to this question critically explore which ideas have been most important in challenging or confirming your conception of educational administration and leadership? What changes do you see as important in the practice of educational administration/leadership? How will you use the learning from this unit to inform your own management practices? Answer: 1.0 Introduction: Education is the perennial tavern that holds the organizational keys to success. Edenius and Yakhlef (2007) have pointed out that for an institution demographic and structural changes are the most necessary attributes that makes the schools community of learners. The proactive approach to meet the utmost resilience helps in developing more sustainability of the corporate culture and educational traits. Although both academic and corporate factors are different in their approaches, but, the cognitive approaches to develop the fields are intensive in the approaches. With the rapid growth of the managerial ethnicity appears to be the turbulence for the organizational oriental structure. This current research work focus on the chief differences between managing education and managing of the other forms of organisation. 2.0 Approaches and Necessities of Educational Development: Academic learning style helps in the organisational development of a student, having intense variety and specification it embarks with an immense intensity and variance for the future development of the student. Marsh (2004) has stated that educational sectors are potential to develop the organisational basics for a student. Fully controlled approaches are the most integral part which helps in developing more sophistication. Mortimore and Mortimore (1998) seem to have been critical in their approaches in stating that application of durability and stability of a student within the academic circumference which renders in the development of cultural and institutional facade. Academic feasibility of a student is sophisticated to develop the career and move them with the force of the organisational attributes. The power of cultural ingenuity of an academic sector stands literally incongruous. Ambiguity in the process leads to an affluent generalization that is contained by a significant p arameter (West and Ylnen, 2010). Controlling the educational circumference stands in contrast with controlling the organisational stability. What more to be added, Strike (1999) has pointed out the academic administration although is different from the organisational administrative structure, the responsibility of it is more cohesive in comparison with the academic level Likewise the cultural stability within an organisation, tight knitted administrative culture is also significant to bring more propagation in managing the academic structure. Within an institutional environment sophistication is the most intrinsic factor that the focus is generally implied on but for an organisation it appears to be quite diversifying (West and Ylonen, 2010). 3.0 Educational Administration: Education management is the theoretical practice of administrative contention in the educational system that entitles educational establishments. According to Kayes (2003), management is responsible of developing the orderly principle related to the classroom environment. Doctrines are the most psychological and ethical principles which engages in the development of the perception of an academic person. Inclusive education is one of the significant prospects which focuses on more deliquesce. The educational administration centers round the potential areas, therefore, no special preference centering to an area of development is needed to be given. Bush (2007) has mentioned that the main aim of educational administration is to provide better education to the students. At the same time, the educational administration is a structural and spontaneous process, targets at developing the psychological attributes of a student (Goldspink, 2007). Attaining the commercial success for an academic field is also most sophisticated approach seems to be maintained by the school management. Educational development, quality service appears to be the intrinsic demand for an academic sector which also appears to be the duty of the school administration (Edenius and Yakhlef, 2007). The administration of the school stands to be responsible for application and managing of all these aspects. The structural development is the most congenial factor which engages in an administrative cohesion. The administration of an organisation appears to be provident to entertain the demands which also coexist with the educational administrative principles. Leadership skills in the educational sector embodies more administrative factor which engages in the development of the organisational ethics. Hoyle and Wallace (2007) have stated some of the concurrent factors in the educational sector manage the administrative ethics. The large scale of the educational changes and social attributes help in structuring the administrative perspective. Approaches of educational administrative power help in delimiting more potential abilities which engages in more convergence (Hoyle and Wallace, 2007). The role of the administrator in the educational field helps in developing the organisational ethics. Application of the theoretical factors within the academic structure helps in the organisational orientation. But it is also said it misleads the academic discipline. Following the code of ethics by the educational administrators are in the educational field enables in developing more potentiality within the academic circumference which also provides the organisational stability as well. The empirical approach of the administrative sector is more oriental which enable in managing more intestacy (Edenius and Yakhlef, 2007). The approach of administrative organisation is literally evident which engages in deductive proposition. It is rather a conditional approach which treats the psychological development. With the organisational attributes, academic proximity is also maintained (Good et al. 2010). Political, legal and economical factors are the most potential approaches for maintaining the educational administration. Antonacopoulou (2006) is of this view that in no way the educational attributes are different from that of the organisational structure being followed. With more, sophistication of the organisation and application of the conflicting nature helps in regenerating of the organisational ethics (Duignan and Hurley, 2007). The fundamental necessities help in managing the contiguous factors which determines understanding of more organisational ethics. 3.1 Organisational Approach and Bureaucracy: In accordance with Dinham et al. (2011), leadership approach helps in stimulating more complex situation which affords in rejuvenating new approaches and mechanism. This helps in managing the innovation and application of a profound structure of organisation. Often it appears that by deviating from the organisational and administrative ethics is able to unleash the creative energies of an individual. The concept of organisational learning is more evident in order to creative delineation of different strategies (Kayes, 2003). Marketing mechanism is for both the organisational and the academic sector appears to be the most incredible factor which helps in developing the organisational ethics. This technique appears to be more operative in its approaches which enable in generalizing the sustainable factors. Organisational communication is the most informative attribute that helps in controlling the authoritative and administrative factors. Ghoshal (2005) is of this view that between the culture and administration stands social and moral the networks that enthuses more flexibility. It can better be stated as a structural communication process which comes in coordination to manage the structural development. Application of social and political strategies is more conditional to manage both the organisational and academic situation. Often it is said that the cultural bureaucracy engages in the authoritative structure. It rather is considered as moral and perennial structure of administration which basks to its ethic approach, Cultural and structural development within the organisational structure let the bureaucratic propositions to be altered intrinsically. 3.2 Homogeneity in Educational Administration: Lynn Boscardin and Jacobson (1997) seem to have stated that maintaining the homogeneity in the educational filed is one of the most intrinsic aspect which helps in the contiguous development of the organisational ethics. Application of the different policies and maintaining the academic rules help in identifying the organisational ethics within the academic structure. Hemsley-Brown and Lowrie (2010) are of this view that application of the governmental regulations over the schools appears to be one of the most intrinsic factor which helps in generating more organisational attributes. More to be added, institutional behavior although appears to be literally significant for the academic development but with homogeneity it becomes more intrinsic and effective (Ghoshal, 2005). So far there have been several critiques and arguments centering homogeneity. But it is needed to be mentioned that intermingling of the different administrative attribute result in developing the integrity in the academic administration sector (James, 2003). Differentiation and diversification in this approach are also the most integral part which helps in developing all the administrative ethics. Priola (2007) has stated that all of the students of an institution are needed to be provident in their approaches and the institution is to be convenient to its approaches for all the students. Furthermore, an institution can be stated as a small warehouse of an organisation. Social development is one of the most organized approaches which engage in the conditional deployment. Kim (2005) has mentioned that an institution is the place of intermingling of different culture, states, religions and other integral factors which pertains a combinatorial approach towards the development of the in stitutional objectives. Economic and social development appears to be one of the most sophisticated approaches of organisational development (Lynn Boscardin and Jacobson, 1997). An institution is no way different from that intuitive mobility. Diversity, as critically mentioned by Lynn Boscardin and Jacobson (1997), is the political and legalistic combination of educational intensity which ascertains more sophistication both from the administrative and socio-political factor. It can better be stated as the low risk attribute which engages in more viability (Lynn Boscardin and Jacobson, 1997). Social effectiveness, stability and economical flexibility are the most intrinsic factors which develop in the academic development. Kim (2005) appears to be more critical in his approach while stating that the in the current market place competition is the most potential threat that an organisation has to face severely. He also has stated that the administrative strength is the most potential factor to assess the market orientation and possible institutional perimeter can be assessed. With the growing complication of the market place and changing of the marketing necessities, the functional factors of the business are needed to be managed by the administration (Helgesen, 2008). Therefore, homogeneous approach of the administrative strategies helps drastically to manage the organisational policies. Designing of the proper marketing policies and its administrative execution strategy is really provincial that helps in managing the structural ethics. Edenius and Yakhlef (2007) have pointed out that with time the organisational statics and strategies change; and this change more covers the fundamental deliquesce. 4.0 Administrative Challenges: Within an institution, as pointed out by Goldspink (2007), an administration has to face different problems which engage an organisation to face different situational attributes. The administration of an educational sector is really intrinsic which engages in more deployment of the conditional factors. While working on the predominant challenges, a school administration has to face some of the severe problems like infrastructure problems, political and social problems, economical problems, marketing challenges and others. Often it appears that the infrastructure of the school is not so much provident in nature which is letting the students face poignant problems. It is the administration of the school responsible of solving the all the problems (Meyer, 2002). Apart from that financial crunch may seem to be another problem that a school may have to face. The administration has to find out the solutions that help the school to be intrinsic in the approaches. In terms of using human res ource, facilities, equipments, it may seem to be intrinsic. Administration is responsible in managing the learning attributes. The administration often has to face the political problems such community problem, strategical problems and others. Sattar (2012) has mentioned that marketing of a school also appears to be one of the most intrinsic factors. Often it appears in competition with other institutions, lagging of a school behind creates major problems in marketing as well (Gajic, 2011). The stereotype approach of the organisation also helps in the denouncement of the organisational ethics. In order to follow the organisational strategies, application of the situational denouncement appears to be one of the most administrative challenges to be faced. To gain the competitive advantages of the market place, the academic sector has also adapted the business policies (Sattar, 2012). What is more, application of the philosophical and psychological attributes also help in developing th e organisational structure. From the theoretical perspective, the administration appears to be responsible of developing a stereotype structure which helps in the resolving the problems currently faced by the organisations. Management appears to be one of the most contiguous part which helps in managing all the sophisticated aspects. Bush (2007) is of this view that the most indigenous problem with the administration of a school is that to choose the proficient faculty section. As giving education is the main thing for a school, assembly of the sophisticated teachers and expert ones is very much essential. What is more, with the population growth educational standards is also needed to grow up. But often, as observed critically by Goldspink (2007), it appears that in lieu of appointing sophisticated teachers, the administration runs the schools with the casual ones. This becomes an impediment for the psychological development of the students. Often the social transience seems to be the most intrinsic factor of development. The management and the administration of the school are responsible of eliminating these problems. Even with the poignant policies taken by the management, problems also seem to be started. Meyer (2002) seems to have mentioned that internal deficiencies are the most integral part that sustains the development of the academic sectors. With the psychology of the students, the administration is needed to bring changes in their decisions as well. Mismanagement casts a poignant approach on the development. 5.0 Necessity of the Changes in Administrative Section: Shared value approach is the most intrinsic factor that helps in the administrative development. In respect of different management development, administrative growth appears to be one of the most intrinsic facts of development. Hemsley-Brown and Lowrie (2010) have mentioned that as communities seems to be united with the shared values, from the business perspective and organisational stabilities, administrative development also appears to be one of the integral part of development. With the marketing strategy development in the organisational sections also appears to be an important factor (Priola, 2007). With shared values, exchange of the ideas appears to be one of the most important trait helps in defending the challenges. Meyer (2002) has pointed out that maintain the educational goal appears to be the main motive of an institutional organisation. The administration is needed to follow the destined approaches. Changes in the strategies with the demand and necessities are the most intrinsic propaganda that helps in the development of the organisational strategies. The academic orientation appears to be the most prominent fact which is needed to be managed properly. What is more, administration of the schools, as argued by Edenius and Yakhlef (2007), is responsible of taking decision as needed. More to be added, conditional development of the academic structure seems helping in managing the organisational structure. Leadership practices are also the most contiguous factors which help in managing the structural development of the academic sector. In the academic sector appointing the efficient teachers seems to be the most integral part of development (Edenius and Yakhlef, 2007). Under the leadership structure conditional development is the most provident factor which attains conditional teaching propaganda (Bush, 2007). By providing proper training to the students they can be developed to an utmost level of integrity. Recruiting of the proficient teachers is also an intrinsic factor of development for an academic sector. A faculty is expected to perform its duty properly. At the same time, administration is needed to be sharp in their approaches in monitoring over these teachers (Strike, 1999). Supervising the ethical and psychological development of the students is also an important factor that the administration needs to supervise. Decision making process by the application of the administrative data helps in the superior development of the academic sector (Mortimore and Mortimore, 1998). Designing of the long term planning appears to be one of the most intrinsic factor which helps in developing the academic growth. It is the administration to decide how to divide the resources among the different factors. Determining the market orientation and targeting to a sophisticated goal engages an organisation to be developed in the market place. Managing the academic process, managing the external factors is also important which helps in the development of the organisational strategy. It appears to be an intrinsic fact which helps in the development of the organisational collegiality. Targeting to the development of the organisational strategies helps in developing the functional strategies as well. It seems to be the degree that has been nourished intrinsically and needs to be developing with intense sophistication. 6.0 Learning to be Used with Own Management Practices: My management practices help me delimiting my ideas which help literally in maintaining the organisational practices. My experience in this approach is really sophisticated which helps me in developing my ideas. Proper decision making process for the organisational development helps in developing the organisational strategy. More to be added, strategical approaches that I have gathered so far is that management based practice is helpful for managing the academic strategies. I have learnt that the role of the administration the organisational perspective is the most vital not for the internal management but the external as well. The sound management practice in this approach helps in developing the organisational and academic practices which is literally sophisticated. The management ideas that do I possess help me developing my ideas and also render me more places to apply them in the practical field as well. When I had joined my high school, I was literally unaware of these administrative factors, but as the days passed by the educational management practices started casting its light on me. The leadership qualities are the most effective factors that I have learnt is intensely helpful for the development of my innate qualities. I have joined in an education firm as an administrator which leads me to understand more management approaches. Application of diplomacy and administrative attributes are the most essential factors that helped me in developing my management skills needs to be applied within the organisational circumference. The management knowledge that I have gathered from here are the specific approaches which helps me to instigate my management attributes. The strategical approaches are really intrinsic which rendrs me developing my working capability at the same time. 7.0 Conclusion: Throughout this very research work the researcher has mentioned the different approaches of management practices applied in the organisational sector and academic sector as well. The researcher has also narrated the approaches which help in deploying the organisational strategies. Coming to the end, it is needed to be mentioned that application of the ideas of management helps in developing the organisational strategies. The academic approaches are very much integral part which engages in managing the integral factors of development in the academic sector. Despite being an organisation at the same time, the organisational perspectives are needed to be followed. References: Antonacopoulou, E. (2006). The Relationship between Individual and Organizational Learning: New Evidence from Managerial Learning Practices. Management Learning, 37(4), pp.455-473. Bush, T. (2007). Editorial: Implementing Educational Reform--The Role of School and System Leaders. Educational Management Administration Leadership, 35(3), pp.323-325. Dinham, S., Anderson, M., Caldwell, B. and Weldon, P. (2011). Breakthroughs in school leadership development in Australia. School Leadership Management, 31(2), pp.139-154. Duignan, P. and Hurley, J. (2007). School leadership standards: developments in Australia.Teaching Australia. Edenius, M. and Yakhlef, A. (2007). Space, Vision and Organizational Learning: The Interplay of Incorporating and Inscribing Practices. Management Learning, 38(2), pp.193-210. Gajic, J. (2011). Measurement of student satisfaction in higher education.Marketing, 42(1), pp.71-80. Ghoshal, S. (2005). Bad Management Theories Are Destroying Good Management Practices. Academy of Management Learning Education, 4(1), pp.75-91. Goldspink, C. (2007). Rethinking Educational Reform: A Loosely Coupled and Complex Systems Perspective. Educational Management Administration Leadership, 35(1), pp.27-50. Good, T., Wiley, C. And Sabers, D. (2010). Accountability and Educational Reform: A Critical Analysis of Four Perspectives and Considerations for Enhancing Reform Efforts.Educational Psychologist, 45(2), pp.138-148. Helgesen, O. (2008). Marketing for Higher Education: A Relationship Marketing Approach.Journal of Marketing for Higher Education, 18(1), pp.50-78. Hemsley-Brown, J. and Lowrie, A. (2010). Higher education marketing. Intl Jnl Public Sec Management, 23(2). Hoyle, E. and Wallace, M. (2007). Educational Reform: An Ironic Perspective. Educational Management Administration Leadership, 35(1), pp.9-25. James, C. (2003). Designing Learning Organizations.Organizational Dynamics, 32(1), pp.46-61. Kayes, D. (2003). Proximal Team Learning:.Organizational Dynamics, 32(1), pp.80-92. Kim, P. (2005). Introduction: challenges and opportunities for democracy, administration and law. International Review of Administrative Sciences, 71(1), pp.99-108. Lynn Boscardin, M. and Jacobson, S. (1997). The inclusive school.Journal of Educational Admin, 35(5), pp.466-476. Marsh, D. (2004). School Principals as Standards-Based Educational Leaders: Looking across Policy Contexts. Educational Management Administration Leadership, 32(4), pp.387-404. Meyer, H. (2002). The new managerialism in education management: corporatization or organizational learning?.Journal of Educational Admin, 40(6), pp.534-551. Mortimore, P. and Mortimore, J. (1998). The Political and the Professional in Education: An unnecessary conflict?.J. of Educ. for Teaching, 24(3), pp.205-219. Priola, V. (2007). Being female doing gender. Narratives of women in education management.Gender and Education, 19(1), pp.21-40. Sattar, S. (2012). Exploring Knowledge Management Practices. IJLD, 2(1). Strike, K. (1999). Can Schools be Communities? The Tension between Shared Values and Inclusion.Educational Administration Quarterly, 35(1), pp.46-70. West, A. and Ylonen, A. (2010). Marketà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ oriented school reform in England and Finland: school choice, finance and governance.Educational Studies, 36(1), pp.1-12.

Gender Differences In Communication Essays - Gender Studies

Gender Differences In Communication Gender Differences in Communication Every race, culture, civilization, and society on this planet shares two things in common: the presence of both the male and female sex, and the need to communicate between the two. The subject of gender differences appears to have engaged peoples' curiosity for as long as people have been writing down their thoughts, from as far back as the writing of the creation of Adam and Eve, to its current popular expression in books such as Men are from Mars, Women are from Venus. The assertion that men and women communicate in different ways, about different things, and for different reasons seems to go un-argued and is accepted as true by a vast majority of Americans. It is the reason why we communicate differently that conjures up quite a bit of debate and conversational turmoil. One of the most traditional hypothesis is the one John Gray wrote about in his book Men are from Mars, Women are from Venus, which essentially points to differences in brain structure, hormones, and socialization as the cause of such an enormous gender gap in communication. But that was then and this is now, scientists throughout the world are working to learn more about gender differences in communication, and much has been discovered since the days of Mars & Venus. One such research team is that of Canary and Hause of the Communication Quarterly. In their study, they conclude that the previous 50 years of research on sex differences in communications, such as that of John Gray, brought about no conclusive findings for such differences. The researcher's analyses of their findings provided evidence for an expectation of small differences due to sex: approximately 1% of variance, concluding that the effects found were due mostly to society and culture. Deborah Tannen, a leading scholar of communication, also shares this view of gender and communication. She studied ethnic groups, which speak the same language using different styles, and found that the effect of gender on communication is miniscule compared to the effect of culture and socialization. In her research, Tannen asserts that the basic uses of conversation by women are to establish and support intimacy; while for men it is to acquire status. These styles and motives for communicating represent different cultural upbringings, and one is not necessarily better than the other. However, she also notes in her findings that men tend to interrupt more and ask questions less. In fact, the female tendency to ask more questions sometimes results in receiving lower grades from male professors who view frequent questioning as proof that a student knows less than her male counter parts. The theory that differences are fabricated early in a child's life and are not biological doesn't account for everything. David Cohen, in his article regarding Tannen's findings points out a mystery in the connections she made. Since women are primarily responsible for child-rearing and therefore disproportionately responsible for teaching the species to speak, when is it that boys learn to speak in the male style? From a very early age, males and females are taught different linguistic practices. For example, communicative behaviors that are considered acceptable for boys may be considered completely inappropriate for girls. Whereas a boy might be permitted to use rough language, a girl in the same situation might be reminded to use her manners and be lady-like The research on women and language shows that women experience linguistic discrimination in two ways: in the way they are taught to use language, and in the way general language usage treats them. So, for example, women reflect their role in the social order by using tag questions, qualifiers, and fillers to soften what they have to say. Women exhibit their subordinate status through avoiding direct and threatening communication. While in recent years this gap has narrowed, our society retains a tendency to imply that maleness, after all, is the standard for normalcy. This unwritten standard society uses to judge people dates back thousands of years and is clearly depicted in the quotes of some of the most famous people in history. Aristotle described women as a deformity, a misbegotten male, St. Thomas Aquinas argued that god should not have created women,

Free Essays on Success In High School

High school is a strange time. After two years of trying to develop identity and friends in middle school, students are expected to mature immediately on the first day of ninth grade, but I never did this. I never fully realized in the earlier grades how important high school success is, and how it is measured by GPA. As a result I am applying to college with seemingly contradictory measures of my ability to perform college-level work. If I had worked and studied hard rather than hanging out with friends and viewing high school as an opportunity to socialize, I would not have to apply to school with a 23 ACT score and a 3.3 GPA. Had I taken my grades in my earlier years seriously, I could have been a college's dream candidate. This year I have made an earnest effort to improve my work ethic. My grade point average is rising and my study habits are improving. However, after performing poorly for three years, my GPA cannot reflect the transformation I underwent at the start of my junior year. Dedicated to making something of myself, I finally matured and am now trying to lessen the consequences of my past actions. Armed with my new attitude and my understanding of the extreme importance of earning good grades to signal my capacity to work responsibly, I assure you that I will never revert to the student I once was. In retrospect, I believe that it was my inability to choose my classes that resulted in my lack of enthusiasm on the ride to school each morning. I enjoy the freedom to pursue my own interests and anxiously anticipate the ability to choose my own class schedule in college. While I understand that college will be significantly more challenging than high school, I have always found it easier to study for a class that interests me. I am also willing to accept the fact that as long as I am in school, I will be forced to take required courses that I might be less than enthusiastic about. However, with my new goal-oriented ... Free Essays on Success In High School Free Essays on Success In High School High school is a strange time. After two years of trying to develop identity and friends in middle school, students are expected to mature immediately on the first day of ninth grade, but I never did this. I never fully realized in the earlier grades how important high school success is, and how it is measured by GPA. As a result I am applying to college with seemingly contradictory measures of my ability to perform college-level work. If I had worked and studied hard rather than hanging out with friends and viewing high school as an opportunity to socialize, I would not have to apply to school with a 23 ACT score and a 3.3 GPA. Had I taken my grades in my earlier years seriously, I could have been a college's dream candidate. This year I have made an earnest effort to improve my work ethic. My grade point average is rising and my study habits are improving. However, after performing poorly for three years, my GPA cannot reflect the transformation I underwent at the start of my junior year. Dedicated to making something of myself, I finally matured and am now trying to lessen the consequences of my past actions. Armed with my new attitude and my understanding of the extreme importance of earning good grades to signal my capacity to work responsibly, I assure you that I will never revert to the student I once was. In retrospect, I believe that it was my inability to choose my classes that resulted in my lack of enthusiasm on the ride to school each morning. I enjoy the freedom to pursue my own interests and anxiously anticipate the ability to choose my own class schedule in college. While I understand that college will be significantly more challenging than high school, I have always found it easier to study for a class that interests me. I am also willing to accept the fact that as long as I am in school, I will be forced to take required courses that I might be less than enthusiastic about. However, with my new goal-oriented ...

The Considerations of Pricing Strategies in Multiple Industries Essay

The Considerations of Pricing Strategies in Multiple Industries - Essay Example Burrows (2009) describes the dilemmas at Microsoft company when deciding pricing policy on its many different technology and consumer-oriented products. Microsoft maintains tremendous buying power in its technology market but is facing pricing issues in the midst of a global economic slowdown and rising competition in this market. Microsoft is now wondering, in order to keep sales volumes up and profit at expected levels, whether the business should consider lowering the prices on a wide variety of Microsoft branded products. Says CEO Steve Ballmer of Microsoft, â€Å"we’re focusing on gaining share in (new markets) that are most critical† (Burrows, p.51). Apparently, Microsoft has considerable problems in some markets, such as in Asia, with large volumes of pirating occurring in its computer-related technology marketplaces. Piracy, when customers are able to get their hands on Microsoft products without a proper license, erodes sales success at the company. Therefore, Microsoft considers that in these markets where piracy runs high, they can lower the price of the technology software to make the product less appealing from illegal markets and will bring buyers into the store instead to make a purchase. Even though there is no research evidence which shows that Microsoft has determined a price policy that fits with the company’s leadership expectations, clearly a consideration of pricing is the ability to avoid piracy and also to make products seem more attractive to buyers with fewer resources in order to boost higher sales volumes. Cooper (2009) describes how the regulatory environment impacts pricing, by describing data from the Digital Britain Report.  

The Role of Knowledge Management and Human Resource Management in Research Paper

The Role of Knowledge Management and Human Resource Management in assisting the employees' replacement process - Research Paper Example Conclusions 22 References Appendices List of Abbreviations HRM: Human Resource Management KM: Knowledge Management IC: Intellectual Capital RBV: Resource-based-view 1. Introduction: Ulrich (1998) asserted that knowledge management through intellectual capital will be the basis for direct and indirect competitive advantage for organisations; and that successful organisations will be the ones that are most adept at attracting, developing and retaining individuals who can drive global organisation that is responsive for both its customers and the burgeoning opportunities of technology. Ulrich’s perspective on knowledge management and human resources management provide a strong foundation to understand contemporary organisations’ providence in sustaining their position in the global market. This paper will discuss the Ulrich perspective in depth and to show the link between the role of both Human Recourse Management and Knowledge Management in sustaining the competitive adv antage of organisations through knowledge workers. 2. What is Intellectual Capital: Ulrich (1998) emphasizes the ability to attract, develop and retain individuals that can run organisations at global levels while exploiting technological advancements for achieving and sustaining success. This is possible by building intellectual capital, which the Business Dictionary explains as the collective knowledge of individuals in an organisation or society, which can be used to produce wealth, multiple output of physical assets, gain competitive advantage, and/or to enhance value of other types of capital including customer capital, human capital, intellectual property, and structural capital (Skiba & Dulong, 2010; p.264). Human capital constitutes the knowledge gained by employees through specific activities that result in learning and innovation (Edvinsson and Malone 1997). Overall, Nahapiet and Ghoshal (1998; p.245) regard IC as â€Å"a valuable resource and a capability for action base d in knowledge.† Moreover, they regard IC of greater value compared to other organisational assets. According to them, IC operates in two dimensions, first based on types of knowledge; secondly, levels of analysis in knowledge and knowing. From the types of knowledge perspective, its classification into tacit and explicit knowledge by Polanyi (1967) stands good in organisational contexts. Intellectual capital is the hidden value of the organisation, and closely linked to Knowledge core processes such as acquisition, codification, dissemination, development and application (Davis, 2009). Establishment of this link between Knowledge core processes and IC requires an understanding of knowledge and its management in organisational contexts. 3. Knowledge and its management: Knowledge: Distinguishing from information and data, Lang (2001) identifies knowledge as a human creation that is embodied in mind, and argues that it cannot be delivered by systems or technology. A highly accep ted and notable classification of knowledge is that of Polanyi’s (1967) tacit and explicit knowledge. Tacit knowledge is that which is captured by an individual’s mindset and manifests through their actions. This knowledge can be acquired through interpersonal interaction (Lee & Choi, 2003). Explicit knowledge forms the formal and systematic knowledge which can be shared and communicated by codifying into manuals, procedures, rules etc (Nonaka & Konno, 1998; Stenmark, 2001). Explicit knowledge can be transferred to others in simpler manner than tacit

MPH 504 - Epidemiology (Module 4 - SLP) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

MPH 504 - Epidemiology (Module 4 - SLP) - Essay Example This means that the outcome which is E.Coli diarrhoea in this case, is associated with the exposure, the alphalpha sprouts. The confidence interval is 7.5 to 545.7. Since the confidence interval does not include 1, the Odds ratio is significant, indicating that there is a positive association between exposure and outcome. Confidence interval is an interval estimate of population parameter, measuring as the interval which is likely to include the parameter given. Most of the times, the confidence interval is qualified as "95% confidence interval." The end points of this interval are known as confidence limits. In this case, the end points are 7.5 and 545.7. Just because there is statistical association between alphalpha sprouts and E.Coli diarrhoea, it does not mean that there exists a cause-effect relationship between alphalpha sprouts and E.CColi diarrhoea. There are five aspects which have to be examined before determining the causality. The first one is the strength of association. In this case, it is the Odds ratio. The greater the Odds ratio, the greater is the association. The Odds ratio is 29 which means that the strength of association is significant. Other four aspects which need to be determined are dose-response relationship, consistency of association, temporally correct association and biological plausibility. Since we do not have information about these aspects, it cannot be positively said that there exists a cause-effect relationship between alphalpha sprouts and E.Coli

Defining SMEs and Identifying their features

Defining SMEs and Identifying their features Governmental committee findings and research schemes have different approaches about the definition and the characteristics of small and medium businesses. Regarding performance of SMEs Westhead Storey have mentioned the small firm is not a scaled down version of a large firm. In short, theories relating to SMEs must consider the motivations, constraints and uncertainties facing smaller firms and recognize that these differ from those facing large firms. There are so many criteria either qualitative or quantitative to decide what form an enterprise is. In case of quantitative measures; staffing level, turnover and asset can be mentioned while others carry qualitative approach. Not only there is a large number of prospects regarding the features of SMEs but also governmental viewpoints conduct a numerous of SMEs definitions depending on the county being considered. For example the report which has been issued by Wiltshire Committee in Australia has shown this flexible definition of any SMEs (Meredith, 1994) Small business is one in which one or two persons are required to make all of the critical decisions (such as finance, accounting, personnel, inventory, production, servicing, marketing and selling decisions) without the aid of internal (employed) specialists and with owners only having specific knowledge in one or two functional areas of management. United states pay more attention to the position of organization within the overall marketplace. According to United States Small Business Administration (SBA) SMEs have the following definition An SME shall be deemed to be one which is independently owned and operated and which is not dominant in its field of operation. On the other hand the quantitative attitude has been emerged in United Kingdom, defining an SME as: Having fewer than 50 employees and is not a subsidiary of any other company. Small and medium enterprises have their own characteristics and applying large-scaled companies features to SMEs is not suitable. The studies which have done by Reynolds et al., (1994), Murphy (1996), Bunker MacGregor (2000) show differences in management style between large business and SMEs. These studies have illustrated SMEs tend to have a small management team rather than a group of people (often prefer to have one or two individuals), they are strictly monitored by owner of the firm and they have little control over their environment and responsibilities and the wish they could be independent. Differences between SMEs and larger firms are magnified even more when they move toward IT (Bunker and MacGregor 2000). Khan and khan (1992) mentioned that SMEs prefer not to run complicated applications on their computers. According to a general point of view of literature, a summary of features of SMEs has been reported by MacGregor and Vrazalic (2004) which is illustrated in Table. SMEs characteristics can be categorized either internal or external. Internal features embrace management, decision making and planning processes, and acquisition of resources on the other hand external characteristics are associated to the market (products/services and customers) and external environment. ID Characteristics of SMEs Reported by INT1 SMEs have small and centralized management with a short range perspective. Reynolds et al.. (1994) Bunker MacGregor(2002) Welsh white (1981) INT2 SMEs have poor management skills. Blili Raymond (1993) INT3 SMEs have informal and inadequate planning and record keeping processes. Reynolds et al., (1994) Tetteh Burn (2001) Miller Besser (2000) Rotch (1981) INT4 SMEs exhibit a strong desire for independence and avoid business ventures which impinge on their independence. Dennis (2000) Reynolds et al., (1994) INT5 The SMEs owner(s) has/have a strong influence in the decision making process Reynolds et al., (1994) Murphy (1996) Munker MacGregor (2000) INT6 SMEs owners often withhold information from colleagues. Dennis (2000) INT7 The decision making process in SMEs is intuitive, rather than bases on detailed planning and exhaustive study. Reynolds et al.. (1994) Bunker MacGregor (2000) INT8 Intrusion of family values and concerns in decision making processes. Dennis (2000) Bunker MacGregor (2000) ID Characteristics of SMEs Reported by INT9 SMEs are more intent on improving day-to-day procedures SMEs face difficulties obtaining finance and other resources, and as a result have fewer resources. MacGregor et al., (1998) Cragg King (1993) Welsh White (1981) Gaskill Gibbs (1994) Reynolds et al. (1994) Blili Raymond (1993) INT 10 SMEs are more reluctant to spend on information technology and therefore have limited use of technology. Walczuch et al. (2000) Dennis (2000) MacGregor Bunker (1996) Poon Swatman (1997) Abell Limm (1996) INT11 SMEs have a lack of technical knowledge and specialist staff and provide little IT training for staff. Martin Matlay (2001) Cragg King (1993) Bunker MacGregor (2000) Reynolds et al., (1994) Blili Raymond (1993) Table 1: Internal characteristics of SMEs categorized by MacGregor and Vrazalic (2004) ID Characteristics of SMEs Reported by EXT 1 SMEs have a narrow product/service range. Bunker MacGregor (2000) Reynolds et al. (1994) EXT2 SMEs have a limited share of the market (often confined toward a niche market) and therefore heavily rely on few customer. Hadjimonolis (1999) Lawrence (1997) Quayle (2002) Reynolds et al. (1994) EXT3 SMEs are product oriented, while large businesses are more customer oriented. Reynolds et al. (1994) Bunker MacGregor (2000) MacGregor et al(1998) EXT4 SMEs are not interested in large shares of the market. Reynolds et al. (1994) MacGregor et al. (1998) EXT5 SMEs are unable to compete with their larger counterparts. Lawrence (1997) EXT6 SMEs have lower control over their external environment than larger businesses and therefore face more uncertainty. Westhead Storey (1996) Hill Stewart(2000) EXT7 SMEs face more risks than large businesses because the failure rates of SMEs are higher. Brigham Smith (1967) Delone (1988) Cochran (1981) Table 2: External characteristics of SMEs categorized by MacGregor and Vrazalic (2004) Obviously, the most significant SMEs feature which clarifies border between small businesses and their larger counterpart is uncertainty the characteristic which has been come up by Westhead Storey (1996) and Hill Stewart (2000). It takes root in lacking control over external environment and this feature shows differences between large enterprises and their small counterparts. Electronic Commerce As the term electronic commerce is still an emerging concept, the definition varies between different contexts. Generally electronic commerce refers to the replacement of physical economic processes with electronic ones and the creation of new models for collaboration among trading partners. According to Tuunainen (1999) E-commerce consists of transaction oriented internet base functions (e.g. on-line catalogs, purchasing and payment).For online retail selling, the term e-tailing is sometimes used. There are a numerous studies regarding E-commerce so there are so many definitions for E-commerce.Turban et al. (2002) have expressed this definition as an emerging concept that describes the process of buying, selling or exchanging services and information via computer networks. Cummings and LeMaire (2005) described the meaning of E-commerce as an online system that allows customers to perform transactions over Internet. This process consists of whole business steps from ordering to delivery. Raymond (2001) specified E-commerce as functions of information exchange and commercial transaction support that operate on telecommunications networks linking business partners (typically customers and suppliers). Another definition which has been mentioned by MacGregor and Vrazalic (2004) is one of which presented by Damanpour (2001) as any net business activity that transforms internal and external relationships to create value and exploit market opportunities driven by new rules of the connected economy. Zwass (1996) identified another definition for E-commerce as sharing of business information, maintaining business relationships and conducting business transactions by means of telecommunications networks. An e-commerce and development report by the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) anticipated total value of world e-commerce in 2002 at about US$2.3 trillion, and it came to US$12.8 trillion by 2006 (E-commerce and Development Report, 2002) so in the words of Kofi Annan, the former Secretary-General of the United Nations: E-commerce is one of the most visible examples of the way in which information and communication technologies (ICT) can contribute to economic growth. It helps countries improve trade efficiency and facilitates the integration of developing countries into the global economy. It allows businesses become more competitive. And it provides jobs, thereby creating wealth (E-commerce and Development Report, 2002).

Pumping Iron: Women and Sports :: Movies Television Film Females Essays

Pumping Iron: Women and Sports Ever since sports has been introduced into our society it has always been gender specific. Today, sports are still gender specific but not as much as before due to the change in social norms. Many people enjoy playing sports. For some it may be the competition, for others it may be for the love of the game. It has been difficult for individuals who enter non-traditional sports for their gender. Women have especially struggled with this matter until the Title 9 was issued. Before Title 9, many women were not allowed to participate in track and other sports that were not considered feminine. During the Victorian Times, women were only allowed to play sports that didn't make them look sweaty, tired or just messy. They had to stick to the norm of being conservative and looking proper. Can you imagine, they had to even wear skirts for baseball and other sports? How can you be comfortable and play well in that kind of an outfit? When it came to tennis, they had to look graceful like a ball erina. The main concern in playing a sport is enjoying it and playing it well. It never had to do anything with being part of a beauty contest. Women were given limitations into what sports they could participate in. However, realistically women were just as good as their counterpart when it came to playing sports in which they were not allowed to play. Being a female and seriously competing in a non-traditional sport is an arduous task. Many individuals question your sexuality, race and class just because you have decided to participate in a non-traditional sport. However, the main fact that is being disregarded here is that everyone has the capability of playing any sport that they want to play. There should not be any boundaries to anything because of gender. It is unfair because there are certain things that are acceptable and unacceptable in society which puts a lot of pressure on people that are into non-traditional sports. The question is, why does being accepted matter so much in society? Why is it so hard to be accepted for something that you want to do? I mean you are not hurting anybody yet you are made to feel guilty for trying to be good in a non-traditional sport. For this essay, I would like to use the movie "Pumping